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小儿体外循环手册

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小儿体外循环手册

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这本《小儿体外循环手册》内容涉及涉及小儿体外循环的基础知识、常用仪器、常规操作等,在设备和临床操作方面主要介绍上海儿童医学中心的临床实践经验,并且添加了国外此领域最新进展。本《手册》旨在为小儿体外循环专业人员排忧解难,方便体外循环及相关专业医护人员查询各种临床常见问题和处理对策。

Content Description

它是我国第一本专门阐述小儿体外循环技术的临床手册,且侧重于有关新生儿、婴幼儿的有关技术特点。本手册旨在为小儿体外循环专业人员排忧解难,方便体外循环及相关专业医护人员查询各种临床常见问题及处理对策。手册涉及小儿体外循环的基础知识、常用仪器、常规操作等。总论首先介绍部分常见小儿先天性心脏畸形的解剖和病理生理特点以及体外循环中的基础知识,在设备和临床操作中主要介绍上海儿童医学中心的临床实践经验,并且添加国内外最新进展,以及各脏器在体外循环过程中所受到的影响和相应的器官保护知识。

Author Description

王伟,上海交通大学附属上海儿童医学中心副院长,心胸外科主任医师。

朱德明,教授,主任医师,硕士生导师。1999年至今在上海第二医科大学附属新华医院、上海儿童医学中心心胸外科工作,任体外循环室主任。相继开展了深低温转流技术;不用血和少用血的体外循环血液稀释法;新生儿体外循环灌注;急诊体外循环;超滤技术在小儿体外循环中的应用、深低温脑保护等颇有深度和影响的研究及临床实践工作,在国内灌注界享有较高声誉,曾参于《小儿心脏外科学》《兰锡纯心脏外科学》《新生儿外科学》《小儿外科学》《体外循环与人工心肺机》《体外循环学》《体外循环临床实践 》等专著的编写。


Catalogue

1 总论……………………………………1

1.1 体外循环概述……………………1

1.1.1 心肺转流…………………1

1.1.2 体外膜肺氧合……………4

1.1.3 心室辅助装置……………7

1.2 血液稀释…………………………8

1.2.1 血液稀释与血液流变学…8

1.2.2 血液稀释与微循环灌注…10

1.2.3 血液稀释与组织摄氧……11

1.2.4 血液稀释与止血机制异常12

1.2.5 血液稀释与组织水肿……13

1.2.6 血液稀释与血液破坏……14

1.2.7 血液稀释与减少用血……14

1.2.8 血液稀释术的操作要点…14

1.3 凝血与抗凝………………………15

1.3.1 机体正常的凝血机制……15

1.3.2 体外循环的抗凝…………18

1.3.3 凝血机制的恢复…………20

1.4 体外循环中的温度………………22

1.4.1 温度变化对机体的影响…23

1.4.2 心脏手术对体温的影响…28

1.4.3 体外循环术中的降温与复温29

2 体外循环设备…………………………32

2.1 人工心肺机………………………32

2.1.1 滚柱泵……………………32

2.1.2 离心泵……………………34

2.1.3 心肺机……………………38

2.2 氧合器……………………………41

2.2.1 鼓泡式氧合器……………42

2.2.2 膜式氧合器………………45

2.2.3 热交换器和储血器………47

2.3 储血器和负压辅助静脉引流……48

2.3.1 储血器的结构与功能……48

2.3.2 负压辅助静脉引流………51

2.4 变温设备…………………………52

2.4.1 原理………………………53

2.4.2 变温器……………………53

2.4.3 变温水箱…………………54

2.4.4 影响变温的因素…………55

2.5 体外循环插管和管道……………56

2.5.1 体外循环插管……………56

2.5.2 体外循环管道和接头……61

2.6 动脉过滤器………………………66

2.6.1 微栓的来源………………66

2.6.2 结构和原理………………67

2.6.3 临床操作…………………69

2.7 超滤器……………………………71

2.7.1 结构和功能………………71

2.7.2 超滤的原理………………72

2.7.3 超滤器使用操作要点……74

2.8 体外循环中的监测………………76

2.8.1 压力监测…………………76

2.8.2 温度监测…………………78

2.8.3 血平面监测………………80

2.8.4 静脉氧饱和度监测………82

2.8.5 气泡监测…………………83

3 转流技术………………………………84

3.1 术前准备…………………………84

3.1.1 患者术前访视……………84

3.1.2 每日设备安全检查………87

3.1.3 手术前工作………………89

3.2 体外循环设备的安装和排气……89

3.2.1 术前准备…………………89

3.2.2 转流前管理………………90

3.3 插管技术…………………………93

3.3.1 插管的类型………………93

3.3.2 插管的荷包和固定………94

3.3.3 插管的位置………………95

3.4 预充液及其配制…………………100

3.4.1 预充基础液的选择………100

3.4.2 血液稀释…………………101

3.4.3 血制品和胶体……………102

3.4.4 药物………………………104

3.4.5 预充的实施………………105

3.5 转流方法…………………………107

3.5.1 常规转流方法……………108

3.5.2 神低温转流方法…………116

3.5.3 特殊病种的体外循环……120

3.6 体外循环中的常用药物…………123

3.6.1 肝素及鱼精蛋白…………123

3.6.2 血管活性药物……………123

3.6.3 调节水电解质……………125

3.6.4 抗炎药物…………………125

3.6.5 其他………………………125

3.7 血气电解质的管理………………126

3.7.1 气体分压的管理…………127

3.7.2 酸碱度……………………128

3.7.3 电解质管理………………129

3.7.4 深低温时不同的血气管理稳态131

3.8 心肌保护…………………………132

3.8.1 心肌保护的基本原理……133

3.8.2 体外循环中的心肌损伤…134

3.8.3 心肌保护的原则…………134

3.8.4 心肌保护液………………135

3.9 神经系统保护……………………138

3.9.1 神经系统损伤的原因……139

3.9.2 神经系统的保护策略……140

3.9.3 神经系统的检测和评判…144

3.10 超滤技术………………………145

……


Book Abstract

体外循环概述


体外循环(Extra-Corporeal circulation, ECC)的概念非常广泛,用英语词根分析,Extra的意思是"外",Corp的意思是"肉体",因此只要是将人体内的血液引致体外,经过一定的方式处理以替代一个或数个脏器功能,然后再回输至自身体内的过程都属于体外循环的范畴。这些处理可以包括替代心功能的心室辅助(Ventricular assist device, VAD),替代心和/或肺功能的心肺转流(Cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB)和体外膜式氧合(Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO),以及包括替代肾功能的血液透析(Hemodialysis)。而实际应用中,很多时候在讨论体外循环时不包括血液透析等其它方式。本《手册》在介绍小儿体外循环时也只介绍CPB,ECMO和VAD三种体外循环方式(表1-1),由于CPB使用最为广泛,所以以介绍CPB技术为主,介绍其他两种方式时也主要以涉及治疗心脏或临时替代心脏功能为主。


表1-1:心肺转流、体外膜肺氧合和心室辅助三种体外循环方式的比较

心肺转流 体外膜肺氧合 心室辅助装置

使用场所 手术室 监护病房 监护病房

用途 短暂替代心、肺功能 较长时间替代心、肺功能 较长时间替代心功能

连接方式 静脉-动脉 静脉-动脉或静脉 静脉-动脉

储血器 有 无 无

感应囊 无 有 无

氧合器 有 有 无

动脉过滤器 有 无 无

变温装置 有 有 无

低温技术 采用 不采用 不采用

血液稀释技术 采用 不采用 不采用

ACT (sec) 长(> 400) 较短(160-180) 短(140-160)



一、 心肺转流

心肺转流(Cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB),从英语词义来看,Cardio-是"心",pulmonary是"肺",bypass直译就是"旁路",顾名思义就是用一个旁路绕过患者的心和肺。但是心和肺都是人体不能缺少的器官,因此需要采用各种技术手段暂时代替心和肺的功能。从CPB的全景示意图(图1-1)看到,在这个图中主要有三个系统,其一是动静脉转流系统,也是主系统,血液从静脉引流插管导出,经储血瓶、心肺机主泵、氧合器、动脉过滤器后再由动脉插管注入主动脉。该系统是CPB中最重要的系统,其中的离心泵或其他类型的泵主要提供血流的动力,替代心脏的功能,氧合器使血液氧合并排除二氧化碳,起到肺的功能。正是因为有泵和氧合器的存在才使旁路绕过心肺成为可能;其二是心肌保护液灌注系统,图中所示为含血心肌保护液的灌注,事先配制好的心肌保护液和氧合后的血液混合在一起,经变温(通常是降温)后由心肌保护液灌注管直接灌入主动脉根部,然后进入冠状动脉,使心脏停跳,减少心肌代谢;其三是吸引系统,可以看到有左心减压吸引管,在手术中降低左心系统的压力,保护心脏功能和减少心脏手术野的血液,其他两个吸引器也可将手术野的血液吸走,不过一个同左心减压吸引一样将血液回收至动静脉储血瓶,另一个可以将手术野的血液吸走,不再回到人体,这一系统往往是在CPB前或停CPB后使用的,在肝素化的情况下,一般都将血液回收至动静脉转流系统。

手术当中还有一些必要的设备,比如升降温水箱可以通过调节血液的温度而改变人体的温度,进而调节人体代谢率,手术过程中通常根据手术的复杂程度降低患者体温,越复杂的手术患者体温越低,以降低机体代谢,保护脏器功能。动静脉氧饱和度及血细胞比容监测装置可以实时监测手术中动静脉氧饱和度和血细胞比容,及时反映灌注效果,灌注师可以根据其反映的结果调节流量以满足机体代谢或者根据血细胞比容决定是否需要通过超滤或加入红细胞等方法调节血液稀释程度。

在CPB的实际操作中,成人和小儿有很大的差别。首先,成人手术大都是以后天性心脏病为主,包括冠状动脉搭桥、换瓣、大动脉手术等,而小儿大都是因为先天性心脏畸形而进行心脏手术,由于手术方法不同,实际操作中也有相应的不同;其次,现在小儿手术的年龄越来越小,因此手术时的体重和成人的差别也是越来越大,由此导致所使用的设备和操作手法与成人相比有明显差异;再次,小儿的机体尚未发育成熟,对一些损伤、应激的反应都有其独特性,绝不能将其视为缩小的成人,临床上使用的药物、脏器保护的方法也应体现儿童的特点;最后,儿童在接受手术时处于人生的起步阶段,在这一阶段所产生的任何影响将会伴随其一生,因此在手术时更应注意保护全身各个器官。


Introduction

前言


20世纪50年代,由于体外循环技术开始成功运用于临床,使心脏外科技术步入了一个新的天地。到20世纪70年代,小儿先天性心脏病的治疗在各国心脏外科前辈的推动下逐渐走向专业化,促进了小儿先天性心脏病外科治疗的发展,促使小儿先天性心脏病手术治疗的年龄不断提前,病种范围不断扩大,手术成功率也不断提高。目前,小儿先天性心脏病手术已经基本不再受到年龄、体重的限制,几乎所有的先天性心脏畸形都有纠治的可能。先天性心脏病治疗手段的快速发展,除了术前诊断技术、手术技巧以及术后监护水平的提高外,还与小儿体外循环设备、器材和技术的不断进步有着十分密切的关系。

由于新生儿、婴幼儿的生理病理特点和成人有较大的差别,因此对小儿体外循环操作的理解和成人有明显的不同。即使从所使用的器材来说,小儿的年龄和体重就要求特制的耗材来适应儿童的特点。更何况,小儿各脏器的成熟度,代谢的特殊性,都需要从事小儿体外循环工作的人员了解其同成人的区别,以及这些区别对体外循环操作的指导意义。

上海儿童医学中心小儿心胸外科的前身是上海新华医院小儿心胸外科,至今有40年历史,是我国最早成立的小儿心脏外科专业。在国内自行研制小儿心肺机,率先开展深低温停循环、低流量技术,率先报道改良超滤技术。自1999年整体搬迁至浦东后,十余年来获得了长足的进步。目前每年体外循环手术数量超过3 000例,其中复杂畸形比例、1岁以下婴儿比例都超过50%,总体成功率超过97%,临床治疗堪与国际先进水平比肩。在科学研究中,本学科也致力于探索围体外循环期脏器保护的理论,研发体外循环相关设备,改进临床操作水平。

体外循环技术的问世本就是多学科协同努力的结果,而小儿体外循环更是要求从业人员掌握儿科、生理、病理、呼吸、血流动力学等多学科知识,并且同外科、监护、麻醉、护理等同道协同工作。本《手册》汇集了小儿体外循环技术中的基本知识和理论,以简明为原则,以实用为目标,希望使具有体外循环知识的人员能通过本书了解儿童和成人的不同,加深对小儿体外循环技术的理解,使初学者能够通过本《手册》了解诊治的原则,提高培训的效率,使相关专业人员能够对小儿体外循环有更多的理解,更好地促进小儿心脏外科团队的整合。

我们将《小儿体外循环手册》献给我国广大先天性心脏病诊治工作者,希望此《手册》能够对同行有所借鉴。由于学识及经验有限,《手册》中一定有很多不到之处,恳请同行斧正。



《小儿体外循环手册》是我国体外循环领域第一本专门针对儿童病例的临床手册,且着重于新生儿和婴幼儿病例。随着手术难度、数量的增加和手术年龄的降低及专业的进一步细化,小儿体外循环的特点也越来越鲜明。上海儿童医学中心心脏中心是由新华医院小儿心血管专业整体搬迁后进一步发展而来,实施小儿体外循环手术的历史超过40年。多年来积累了大量的临床实践经验,目前每年小儿体外循环数量超过3 000例,是全国体外循环培训基地之一。

本《手册》以实用性为主要特征,以全面系统地涵盖小儿体外循环专业临床操作的方方面面为特点,简要阐述了小儿体外循环的相关基础知识,旨在为从事小儿体外循环的专业人员提供参考,方便体外循环和兄弟专业的人员查询各种临床常见问题及处理对策。值得一提的是,参与编写的人员都是从事临床工作、具有丰富实践操作经验的小儿体外循环专业人员,对临床实际问题和最新技术有深刻的理解。本《手册》涉及小儿体外循环的基础知识、常用设备、常用器材和常规操作等。总论侧重于基本概念,使读者对体外循环专业能有一总体的理解,其后各章节分别将设备、技术等作为重点,最后还介绍了体外循环质量控制的概念。

《小儿体外循环手册》是一本值得小儿体外循环专业人员随身携带的参考书籍,是临床实践中有益的诊疗指南。

(丁文祥)


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Yami Gift Card

Get this exclusive deal when paying with gift card

Terms and Conditions

Gift card deals are special offers for selected products;

The gift card deals will automatically be activated if a customer uses gift card balance at check out and the balance is sufficient to pay for the total price of the shopping cart products with gift card deals;

You will not be able to activate the gift card deals if you choose other payment methods besides gift card. The products will be purchased at their normal prices;

If your account balance is not enough to pay for the products with gift card deals, you can choose to reload your gift card balance by clicking on the Reload button at either shopping cart page or check out page;

Products that have gift card deals can be recognized by a special symbol showing 'GC Deal';

For any additional questions or concerns, please contact our customer service;

Yamibuy reserves the right of final interpretation.

Sold by Yami

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

Learn More

Sold by Yami

Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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Jingdong book

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Jingdong book