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摆渡书虫:图腾与禁忌

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《图腾与禁忌》是弗洛依德所著的一本人类学及心理分析的著作。其内容主题主要包括四点:乱伦的畏惧、禁忌和矛盾情感、精灵说,巫术和思想的全能、图腾崇拜在孩童时期的重现。
一、乱伦的畏惧
1. 对图腾禁制的破坏将招致族人的报复或是惩罚
2. 相同图腾的族人不得通婚的外婚制度
图腾部落有时候会分化成不同的氏族,而氏族又分化不同的次氏族,此乃为了避免乱伦而衍生的制度。
二、禁忌和矛盾情感
禁忌代表了两种不同方面的意义:首先是崇高的,神圣的;另外一方面,则是神秘的,危险的,禁止的,不洁的。“触犯禁忌的人,本身也将成为禁忌。”
三、精灵说,巫术和思想的全能
1. 在人类的岁月中产生三种对自然的解释:精灵说,宗教说,科学说。
2. 灵魂的观念是整个精灵说体系最原始的核心,此说相信无生命等物皆有跟人同样的灵魂。
3. 精灵说产生了两种控制他物的理论:巫术和魔法。
四、图腾崇拜在孩童时期的重现
图腾不只是一种宗教信仰,同时也是一种社会结构。在佛式的精神分析中,图腾是父亲的影像替代物,从这边暴露的小孩对父亲的矛盾情感:伊底帕斯情结。如果说图腾动物代表著父亲,那么图腾观的禁忌:禁止杀害图腾动物以及和相同图腾的妇女发生性关系意味著伊底帕斯的情结(弑父娶母)。
而在某些祭典中允许屠杀图腾动物,原始民族认为图腾动物的食用能让他们得到和图腾动物相同的神圣性(如同圣餐礼,借由分食代表耶稣基督的面包来仿同他得到认同和圣洁)。在这边发现的矛盾情感是:儿子杀害父亲,但是潜意识中父亲成为不可替代的形象,因此演变成借由祭典分食图腾动物来增加对父亲的认同。如果将之延伸到基督教神话:借由人类的血债血还观念,那么耶稣基督要牺牲生命才能获得天父的宽恕,那其可能犯下谋杀天父的罪名。而儿子进而取代了父亲的地位,列为神,因此可以说基督教延伸早期的图腾观念,将父亲角色删除以及掩盖。
Content Description

对原始民族部落中的禁忌、图腾与宗教的核心及本质是长久以来争议的中心。《摆渡书虫:图腾与禁忌》是作者对这些难以解答的谜题所做的突破性贡献。作者考察了澳洲土著人的图腾崇拜,通过对禁忌及其所隐藏的矛盾情感进行深入分析,认为禁忌具有下列性质:(1)由玛那(一种神秘的力量)依自然或直接的方式附在人或物身上因而产生的结果。(2)由玛那以间接的或以传递的方式而产生的结果。(3)前两种方式同时存在。
作者在对泛灵论的施术方式(巫术与魔法)作彻底的研究分析后,发现原始民族在施术的操作过程中,明显暴露出一个企图:尝试利用控制心理作用的规律来操纵真实事物。所以,他相信人类对自然的第一种解释(泛灵论)是由心理作用所造成的。进而在其他学者研究图腾崇拜起源的基础上,利用精神分析学的方法逐渐解开了图腾之谜。
Author Description

弗洛伊德(1856—1939),奥地利精神病医生、精神分析学创始人。1873年进入维也纳大学,1881年获医学博士学位。1885-1886年间就学于J.-M.夏尔科,后又赴南锡观察A.-A.利埃博尔和H.伯恩海姆的催眠疗法,更深信神经病是可以通过心理治疗而奏效的。1892年左右,他发现催眠的效能不能持久,就改用他所特创的精神分析治疗法,借以挖掘忘记了的观念或欲望。1897年提出了恋母情结(俄底浦斯情结),即仇父恋母的情绪。1930年被授予歌德奖金。1936年寿辰时荣任英国皇家学会通讯会员。
主要著作有《梦的释义》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》《弗洛伊德自传》等。
Catalogue

前言
第一部分
乱伦的畏惧
第二部分
禁忌和矛盾情感
禁忌的起源
禁忌的了解
矛盾情感现象
禁忌与矛盾情感

第三部分
泛灵论、巫术和思想的全能
泛灵论的解析
巫术与魔法
思想的全能
三者的联系和比较

第四部分
在孩童时期重现的图腾崇拜
什么是图腾崇拜
图腾崇拜与外婚制
图腾与父亲情结
图腾餐的含义
图腾现象中的父与子
宗教的产生与发展
关于图腾崇拜的总结
附录:弗洛伊德生平活动一览表
Book Abstract

《摆渡书虫:图腾与禁忌》:
禁忌与矛盾情感
我们在对死人的禁忌做了系列的说明以后,还想进一步讨论一些问题,使我们对禁忌能做更全面的了解。
在加诸死者的禁忌中,最重要的一种就是影响原始心理形态因素中的对魔鬼的那种潜在敌意的投射。在我们所讨论的问题里,投射作用被认为与情感的冲突有关,它同时也是导致神经症的重要心理因素。可是,投射作用并不仅是为了心理防卫而设,它仍然可以存在于没有冲突的时候,内在知觉的外在投射是一种基本的机制。例如,我们的感官知觉是一种主观性的,在正常情况下,它对我们外在世界形态的判断占了举足轻重的地位。在这种传导过程还没有搞清楚以前,我们大胆地假设情感和智慧过程的内在知觉,可以依照感官知觉的投射方式来进行。于是,它们形成外在世界的因素,虽然在本质上它们仍然是属于内部世界的一部分。不过,注意力的产生主要是因为人们对外在刺激的反应,它们开始仅包括快乐与不快乐两种感觉,只有当抽象思想的语言表达发展以后,也就是在语言表达的具体方式与内在过程相连接后,内在的感受才显现出来。在这种知觉形成之前,原始民族经由内在知觉的外在投射,早已形成一幅外部世界图像。现在,我们将又回到心理学的研究上。
原始民族思想体系的一部分,是由把自身的邪恶冲动转移到魔鬼身上的投射作用所构成,我们将把它们纳入下章中的“泛灵论”来讨论。现在,我们将努力去探索在这些系统下所隐藏的心理特质,然后,再用它们来与形成神经症的相似系统比较。在这里,我首先要强调的是,所有这些系统的范例都是我们在梦的内容所称的“变形”。我们必须记住,在所有系统形成的期间或在此以后,对于每一个心理事件的意识判断都由两组因素组成:一组属于系统本身;另一组却真实存在于潜意识里。
冯特指出:“在世界各地,对魔鬼传说的神话中认为它有害的占大多数,所以,一般的看法都偏向于邪恶的魔鬼比善良的魔鬼先存在。”很可能所有对魔鬼的具体研究,都是从活人与死者之间的关系演化而来。矛盾情感在人类发展的过程中有同一根源,尔后变为两个完全不同的心理成分:对魔鬼的惧怕和对祖先的崇拜。①由于对魔鬼的惧怕通常是指新近死亡的人,所以,对死者的哀悼和魔鬼信仰的形式两者之间必然有着某种紧密的联系。哀悼,具有一个特殊的心理作用:将未亡人的记忆和希望与死者隔开。如果这个目的达到了,那么,随着哀伤的减低,所有懊悔、自责和对魔鬼的恐惧将慢慢地消失,将死者尊崇为祖先而以友善的态度祈求他们的保佑。
我们如果长期追踪研究生者与死者之间的关系,那么我们不难发现,两者之间的情感矛盾将随着时间的流逝而逐渐趋于减少。最终,他们可以不需任何心理努力就能轻易地将对死者的潜在敌意控制住。早先满足、愤恨和痛苦所交杂的感情相互斗争,后来都转化成一种崇敬的心理了,只有那些神经症的病人在爱人死亡后才会产生由精神分析学所发现的强迫性自责的哀悼——矛盾情感。我们不需要在此对这个问题如何发生及其本质上的掩饰和家庭关系做进一步的研究。不过,上述的例子已经给我们一个有力的证明,即原始民族心理冲动的矛盾似乎较一般已开化的人们多得多。只要这种矛盾性减少,那么,禁忌作为矛盾性的一种症状和两种冲突冲动之间的妥协也将逐渐地消失。神经症,即勾起了这种类似禁忌的挣扎,可以说是一种回返古代遗迹的心理作用。随着文明的进步,为了补偿这些作用,于是人们逐渐步入了无限浪费心理力量的情境中。
也许,我们又会回想起冯特在前面对禁忌所下的矛盾定义:“神圣的”和“邪恶的”。根据他的看法,这个字在刚开始时并没有包含两个对立的观念,它仅是指“似魔鬼的”,“不能被触摸的”,这种思想也正是上面两个对立观念所同时具有的共同点。这种隐藏在这两个观念下的思想早已证明出它们在刚开始时是合而为一,只有在稍后才开始分化为二。
恰恰相反,我们从一开始就已讨论出“禁忌”这个词所包含的双重意义,它被用来表示一种特殊的矛盾情感以及这种情感活动的产物。“禁忌”本身是一个矛盾情感的字眼。仅该词的确凿含义就使我们有可能推测,禁忌应被当做情感矛盾的结果来加以理解。由早期语言的研究,我们可以发现那个时候已经存在有表示对立意义的字眼,概括来讲即已保有矛盾情感的这种感觉(虽然它们的意义并不完全和“禁忌”相同)。①只要将对立的“原始语言”在发音上做轻微的改变,即可能把同一思想在稍后表示成两个不同且对立的语言。
……
Introduction

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