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Jingdong book

当代认知心理学（修订版）

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Jingdong book

当代认知心理学（修订版）

Name: 当代认知心理学（修订版）
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116046651
Price: 30.53 USD
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Content Description

《当代认知心理学（修订版）》以当代认知心理学中信息加工取向的理论观点，系统阐释人类认知活动的信息加工过程与心理机制，探索人们如何获取知识和使用知识的规律性问题。《当代认知心理学（修订版）》适合高等院校心理学、教育学、计算机科学、哲学、语言学、医学、神经科学和管理学等专业人员使用。

Author Description

梁宁建，华东师范大学心理学系教授、博士生导师，中国心理学会普通心理和实验心理专业委员会委员，上海市心理学会秘书长。长期致力于认知心理学研究，系统探索有关心理素质、内隐认知、社会认知、心理特点及其发展规律等研究，拓展和深人研究内隐社会认知、社会性发展、情绪心理学和发展性心理咨询等领域，不断深化认知心理学的理论与实践，在普通心理学、认知心理学等方面具有建树。

Catalogue

第一章绪论

第一节认知心理学：概述、起源和隐喻

一、认知心理学的概述

二、认知心理学的起源

三、当代认知心理学的隐喻

第二节人的信息加工系统

一、信息加工系统

二、人的信息加工系统

第二章认知心理学研究方法

第一节抽象分析方法

一、抽象分析方法的含义

二、抽象分析方法的基本程序

第二节计算机模拟方法

一、计算机模拟方法的含义

二、计算机模拟方法的基本过程

第三节流程图示研究

一、流程图示的含义

二、信息加工流程模式

第四节口语报告法

一、口语报告法的含义

二、口语报告法的基本过程

……

第三章感知觉

第四章注意

第五章瞬时记忆

第六章短时记忆

第七章长时记忆

第八章知识的建构与表征

第九章语言

第十章思维

第十一章问题解决

第十二章元认知

参考文献

Book Abstract

第八章知识的建构与表征

了解人类知识的建构与表征并不容易，它成为当代认知心理学以及认知科学中最重要的前沿课题之一。知识是认知心理学中的主要概念。对知识建构与表征的研究，不仅具有重要的理论意义，而且也有助于人工智能的开发与利用，以及对教育教学过程的概括分析，它具有极强的前瞻性。

第一节知识的建构一、知识的获得

认知心理学家用“知识”表示“信息在记忆中的存储、整合和组织”。信息来自于感觉，但信息本身不等同于知识。知识是经过组织的信息，是结构化信息网络或系统的一部分。在某种意义上，知识就是被领悟了的信息。

人类知识的获得具有四个特点。

第一个特点，人类的知识是通过建构获得的。

人类的知识是通过建构获得的，这是当代认知心理学的重要结论，表明人本身是刺激信息加工和行为活动的积极的主体。人通过与周围环境的相互作用，从实际经验中抽取出经验性规则，这些经验性规则具有“条件——行动”的结构形式（产生式规则），即具有“当出现X，则做Y”的规则形式，更多的相关规则组成规则系统（产生式系统）。这种经验性规则能很容易地表现人是如何解决具体问题的知识，例如“如果天下雨，并且雨很大，那么就撑开雨伞”，或者“如果感到太热，并且窗户关着，那么就打开窗户”。人类最初是通过将自己的经验规则所产生的行动或动作，扩展到自己内部的信息传递过程来建构知识，并且通过它们来表述外部事实性知识的。

人所获得的知识，有时要比提供给他们的知识要多，人会创造出许多新的知识，这通常是以一个人以问题解决的方式或理解性活动的形式表现出来。知识被传播与交流，但是传播与交流的知识，只有在被另一个人重新建构之后，即得到理解与解释，与学习者头脑中已有的知识联系起来以后，才能够在某种情况下掌握并加以运用，也只有在这种情况下，知识才是有用的，才称为知识获得。

第二个特点，人类知识的获得包含重构过程。

人类知识的获得包含着重新建构的过程，也就是说，随着一个人获得的知识越来越多，这时不仅知识的数量在增加，而且存储在长时记忆中的知识体系也在被重新组织。比如，概念内涵的变化，就是知识重构的最好例证，比如，对儿童来说，热的概念和温度的概念对他们来说是没有多大差别的，但是，当到了一定年龄时，随着自己知识经验的增长，就会把热的概念与温度的概念严格地加以区分。

重构过程要比概念获得涉及更精细、更细微的形式和水平上的变化。概念内涵可以产生实质性的改变，因此会产生旧概念和新概念之问的不对称，例如，当把动物的概念涵盖鸟、鱼和昆虫的概念的时候，概念之间的特征或属性，就会发生变化。另外，概念内涵也会随着因果关系的不同而变化，从而对概念作出不同的解释，等等。另外“条件——行为”的规则，甚至产生式规则系统之间也会分化并进行重新组合。总之，知识重构过程可归因于人的创造性思维活动及其产物，因为在这中间，必然包含着对具有适应性价值的知识的分析与阐释。

第三个特点，人类知识获得过程的制约性。

人类知识获得过程是受到制约的。有些知识很容易获得，但有些知识的获得却是非常困难。在一些领域内的知识的建构，以及对其后继的修正或修改，都是在相同的、具有制约性条件下进行的，因此，在这个领域所获得的知识经常是类似的。如果是不一致的话，也只是表现在不同个体之间对这些知识的理解和掌握程度上的不同。认知心理学家认为，知识的获得过程既受到个人先天倾向的影响，同时也受到个人原先所获得的知识的影响，即受到个体知识结构的限制。

……

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