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职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析

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在《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》中,辛克莱、汪默、路易斯将职业健康心理学相关理论及测量、研究设计和统计等领域中的一大批卓越而有成就的学者聚集在一起。书中的评估既考虑了OHP研究中的心理维度,也考虑了生理维度。并且,作者们还在《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》中讲述了对OHP学科进步至关重要的研究设计、抽样方法和统计技术。对任何想在职场压力、健康和良好状态等领域做研究的学者而言,《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》都是一本必读之书。
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《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》关注了职业健康心理学(occupaIional Healt}lPsychology,oHP)领域中当前的热点问题及其最先进观点和实践的技术方法。职业健康心理学是一个多学科交叉并快速成长的研究领域,从事职业健康心理学工作的研究者都希望能够跟踪该学科各领域的最新进展,《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》恰好能够满足大家的需求。
《21世纪心理学专业前沿丛书·职业健康心理学研究方法:测量、设计和数据分析》不仅介绍了职业健康心理学最新的研究方法和研究进展,也介绍了具体的研究建议,因此既可以帮助职业健康心理学的学者们提升他们的研究工作,也有助于未来职业健康心理学研究者的学习。
Catalogue

第一部分 测量
第1章 免疫系统功能的测量
第2章 肌肉骨骼功能的测量
第3章 工作家庭研究中的测量问题
第4章 睡眠与嗜睡的测量
第5章 情绪的测量
第6章 如何思考与测量心理幸福感
第7章 组织内人际虐待的测评
第8章 职业健康心理学中抑郁和焦虑的评估
第9章 职业健康领域中创伤后应激障碍的测评
第10章 工作投入的测量

第二部分 设计和分析
第11章 认知评价:对职业健康心理学的启示
第12章 职业健康心理学中的实验设计和准实验设计
第13章 职业健康心理学中的事件抽样方法
第14章 职业健康心理学中的抽样方法
第15章 职业健康心理学研究中的自我报告法
第16章 职业健康心理学研究中质性方法的优点和局限性
第17章 职业健康心理学研究中档案数据的使用
第18章 职业健康心理学中多级模型的研究综述
第19章 个体中心分析——方法、应用和发展
第20章 纵向研究及其数据分析
第21章 职业健康心理学研究展望
Book Abstract

1.1机械屏障
皮肤作为体表屏障,可以阻止病原体进入人体。肺、胃肠道和泌尿生殖系统同样具有抵御病原体的功能:咳嗽和打喷嚏可以机械性地排出呼吸道的致病物质;呼吸道及消化道分泌的黏液物质可以黏附病原微生物并将其排出体外。通过眼泪和尿液的冲洗,也可使病原体排出体外。
1.2化学屏障
化学屏障也是机体防止感染的一种途径。皮肤和呼吸道可以分泌抗菌蛋白(如S一防御素)。此外,唾液、泪液和母乳中的溶菌酶和磷酸脂酶A,也是防御病原体的化学屏障组成部分。
唾液a一淀粉酶是由唾液腺分泌的唾液酶,类似于唾液IgA,是口腔黏膜防御系统的组成部分,主要功能是抑制抗原的增长。研究显示,高水平的淀粉酶与交感神经系统的激活有相关性。因此,高水平的淀粉酶可能与压力导致免疫功能下降有间接的关系。
1.3固有免疫系统
固有或非特异性免疫系统,是免疫系统的组成之一,在微生物或毒素刚刚成功进入人体即被激活。细胞介导免疫是这种防御系统的重要功能,这依赖于激活细胞毒素、T一淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞(NK)、巨噬细胞和细胞因子对病原体的攻击。当病原体或杀伤细胞发出压力的化学信号并被身体识别,固有免疫系统即被激活。
针对多种不同病原体,固有免疫系统非特异性地诱发机体炎性反应的防御系统。感染和受损组织的局部血流量增加引起红肿和炎症表现。局部血流和温度(发热)增加,提高了防御系统对病原体的防御效能。炎症反应是由损伤细胞释放的特异性免疫因子引起的。
类花生酸的释放则更进一步促进炎症反应,比如前列腺素的释放导致发热和血管扩张。白细胞三烯的释放促进某些白细胞聚集。同时,受损细胞也释放细胞因子,包括白细胞介素,如白介素6(IL一6)、白介素8(IL一8),以及负责白细胞间信号传递的a一肿瘤坏死因子。趋化因子将促进防御细胞向异常组织趋近,提高干扰素的抗病毒特性。白细胞介素同时也刺激肝脏产生和释放C反应蛋白(CRP),CRP是固有免疫系统中非常重要的组成部分,在神经心理免疫学领域被广泛研究,是未来心血管疾病可靠的预后指标(Ridker。,Hennekens,Buring&Rifai,2000)。
随着炎性反应过程的激活,炎性修复系统也被激活,从而加快对感染损伤的修复。细胞因子如白介素l(IL—1)和白介素2(IL一2),在调节初始免疫应答中起着重要作用,促使机体在本次感染反应后恢复到原状。类胰岛素生长因子一1(IGF一1)也是一个非常重要的抗炎肽,严重的压力可能导致其减少(Cankaya,Chapman,Talbot,Moynihan&Duberstein,2009)。
补体系统是固有免疫系统中另一个重要的组成部分。它包含了20多种不同的蛋白质,是机体杀灭病原体反应中其他抗炎免疫系统的补充。补体不但可以与已经依附在将被清除的病原体上的抗体结合,也可以直接与病原体表面的蛋白质或碳水化合物结合。补体包含有酶类,其蛋白酶可以破坏病原体的结构,并促进更多的补体蛋白酶产生。通过这种方式,补体系统形成并放大成一个重要的级联系统,促进免疫细胞向受损组织的迁移,增加血管通透性以确保防御细胞的通过并趋近病原体。补体还可以标记在病原体表面,由其他免疫系统识别并进行杀灭。
1.4细胞屏障
白细胞是固有免疫系统的另一个补充。白细胞是细胞免疫应答或细胞介导免疫应答的组成部分。
细胞免疫应答系统由各种具有吞噬细胞功能的吞噬细胞组成,包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、促进炎症反应的肥大细胞,以及自然杀伤细胞。对病原体的吞噬(杀灭)作用是固有免疫系统重要的特征之一,吞噬细胞随着血液循环不断扫描病原体,它们也可以被称为特异性感染细胞释放因子。
1.5适应性免疫系统
适应性免疫系统对病原体的反应更强、更具针对性,并产生免疫记忆。特异性“记忆细胞”对病原体保存记忆,在病原体再次感染时,能够快速有效地将其杀灭。
适应性免疫系统包括三种特殊类型的白细胞:粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞。
粒细胞又分为中性粒细胞,具有抗菌功能;嗜酸性粒细胞,具有吞噬抗原一抗体、防御某些寄生虫的功能;嗜碱性粒细胞,参与炎症反应和过敏反应。
单核细胞来源于骨髓,能够相对较快地到达感染部位(8~12小时),可分化成巨噬细胞和树突状细胞。树突细胞是吞噬细胞,存在于与外界环境相接触的组织,如皮肤和鼻腔。树突细胞递呈抗原激活T细胞,是适应性免疫应答的环节。
淋巴细胞包括自然杀伤细胞(NK)、T细胞和B细胞,是免疫防御系统中最重要的细胞种类之一。NK细胞在人出生时即存在,属于固有免疫系统,是机体重要的防御病毒与肿瘤的细胞。T细胞参与细胞介导免疫应答,而B细胞主要执行机体的体液免疫,合成特异性抗体。T细胞和B细胞具有识别异体或外来抗原的功能,产生特异性反应,最大限度地消除特异性病原体或病原体所感染细胞。
……

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