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西方心理学名著译丛:儿童的人格形成及其培养

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在孩子成长过程中,人格培养比考试分数重要100倍!
如何从小培养孩子健全的人格?
这部名著以大量案例揭示了良好人格形成的关键因素。
畅销长达近一个世纪,被翻译成一百多种文字,影响了全世界无数教师、家长和孩子。
儿童阶段是人格形成的关键时期,影响孩子的一生,决定孩子未来生活幸福与否和事业成败。
教师最重要的任务——甚至可以说他的神圣的职责——就是确保学生不会失去信心。因为假如孩子们不是以希望和喜悦期待着将来,那么,要教育好他们是近乎无望的。
对于广大家长来说,又何尝不是如此!

海报:

Content Description

儿童在成长过程中出现的害羞、孤僻、口吃、尿床,或者无心向学,甚至闹事、触犯法律……所有这些问题都在《西方心理学名著译丛:儿童的人格形成及其培养》里得到细致的心理分析。阿德勒反复强调要用正确的方法帮助培养孩子独立、自信、勇敢、不畏困难的品质和与他人合作的意识及能力。一句话,培养孩子健全的人格——这才是儿童教育的首要目的。其他诸如怎样帮助孩子积累书本知识以提高他们的智力这一类问题则是儿童教育的枝节和皮毛。阿德勒在《西方心理学名著译丛:儿童的人格形成及其培养》中同时还讨论了人的天性、遗传的作用等问题,既独到又深刻。人的底层动力源自自卑么?个人的人格在幼儿时期就已经形成了么?如何用正确的方法帮助孩子培养健全的人格?所有喜欢了解的人(了解孩子、了解自己),都会从本书获益。
Author Description

阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒(Alfred Adler,1870—1937),奥地利精神病学家。个体心理学的创始人,人本主义心理学的先驱,现代自我心理学之父。毕生致力于研究人格在幼年时期的形成过程。

韦启昌,1962年生于广州,现居澳大利亚。译作有《儿童的人格形成及其培养》《叔本华思想随笔》《叔本华美学随笔》《人生的智慧》等。其译文深得国内读者喜爱和肯定。
Catalogue

译序
第一章 导言
第二章 人格的统一体
第三章 追求优越感和它对教育的意义
第四章 如何引导孩子追求优越感
第五章 自卑情结
第六章 孩子的成长:防止自卑情结
第七章 社会感情及其发展的障碍
第八章 孩子在家庭的位置: 孩子的心理及其相应的对策
第九章 新的环境———对儿童的准备工夫的一种测试
第十章 孩子在学校
第十一章 外在环境对孩子的影响
第十二章 青春期和性教育
第十三章 教育者的任务
第十四章 对父母的教育

附录一 个人心理问卷
附录二 五个孩子的个案及其评论
Book Abstract

除了人格统一体,人性的另一个最重要的心理学事实就是人们对优越感和成功的追求。当然,这种追求和自卑感直接相关,因为如果我们没有感到自卑,我们就不会有突破现状的欲望。对优越的渴望和自卑感这两个问题,其实是同一个心理现象的两个方面,但为着分析的需要,把它们尽量分别开来研究会更方便一些。在这一章,我们试图集中研究人对优越感的追求,以及它在教育方面的意义。
关于追求优越感的第一个问题是:这种追求是否和我们的生物本能一样与生俱来。我们的回答是:这是一个没多大可能成立的推想。我们确实不认为对优越感的追求是确切地与生俱来的;但是我们必须承认:对优越感的追求以某种胚胎的形式存在,它有潜在发展的可能。或许我们只能这样表达:人性和对优越感的追求是紧密相连的。
当然,我们知道人类的活动局限于某些范围;人的某些潜能永远得不到发展。例如,我们永远不可能拥有狗的嗅觉能力,不可能用眼睛看见紫外线。但人的某些功能性的能力可以进一步得到发展。正因为人的能力有可能得到进一步的发展,我们才有了人追求优越感的生物学上的根源,这也是人的人格心理发展的根源。
正如我们所看到的,这种在任何情况下都要表现自我的强劲冲动,孩子和成年人都有。这种冲动无法根除。人性不可以容忍无休止的低下屈从,人甚至推翻了他的神祗。被侮辱、蔑视的感觉,彷徨和自卑的情绪,总会使人产生一种渴望去努力达到高一级的目标以获得补偿和达到完美。
我们可以表明,孩子的某些古怪的特征,是环境力量造成的。这些环境力量造成了孩子的自卑感、脆弱感和彷徨感,而这些感觉反过来刺激、影响了孩子的整个精神心理。这种孩子会下决心摆脱这种状况,达到新的高度以获取一种平等的感觉。小孩努力向上的渴望越激烈,他的目标就变得越高;他寻找的是他的力量的证明,但这些证明经常超乎人的能力范围。因为小孩经常能得到各方的照顾,所以,他得以幻想自己将来成为一个全能的上帝式的人物。孩子们挥之不去的幻想是他们与神灵相似——他们想象的某种方式显示了这一点。这种情况一般发生在感到自己很脆弱的孩子身上。
这有一个病例:一个14岁的孩子的心理状态相当糟糕。我们要求他回忆儿童时期的印象。他记得在他6岁的时候,因为不会吹口哨,他感到很痛苦。但有一天,当他走出家门的时候,他终于能吹口哨了。他实在太惊讶了,他相信这是上帝附在他身上吹口哨。这清晰地表明:人的脆弱感和想象自己是个上帝式的大人物,这两者之间有着密切的关联。
……
Introduction

本书著者阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒(1870—1937)是奥地利著名心理和精神病理学家。他早年学医,大概在1900年开始探索、研究人的心理疾病。他是提出关于人的自卑感概念和理论的第一人。在1937年出版的《人的器官缺陷及其心理补偿》一书中,他提出人的生理缺陷带来了人的自卑感;如果人对自卑感无法找到满意的补偿,那么,人就会有精神疾病,亦即心理、感情的功能性紊乱和失调。后来,他进一步完善了他关于自卑感及其补偿这一核心理论,并创建了个体心理学。他推而论之,认为人的一切努力都指向克服人的不足感——这种不足感是每个人都体验过的,尤其是在人的幼年时期。人的冲动就是要努力达到完善,这表现为争取获得优越感,也就是对人的不足感和自卑感的一种过度补偿。个人的人格——包括他的目标、他为达到这一目标的努力方式——决定了他的一整套生活方式。个人的人格,或者说他的生活方式,在一个人的早年业已形成。他的生活方式一旦形成,他对事物的理解方式、感觉方式及对事物做出的反应就都无不以他的这一生活方式为依据。另外,阿德勒强调个人必须与社会构成联系。个人只是社会的一分子,一个人对待社会中同类的态度,以及与他人的合作能力,直接影响着他的心理健康。
阿德勒认为,一个人健全的精神心理是以他的理智、对他人及社会的兴趣和关怀、对于自卑的克服为标志;精神疾病则是以自卑感肆虐、自我中心、全力寻求自己的利益而罔顾他人等特征为记号。由于人格结构形成于儿童期,所以,要找出人格心理问题的症结只能从人的童年时期入手。另外,既然关乎人的一生精神健康的人格形成于儿童期,那么,帮助儿童形成健康的人格就变成了头等重要的事情,这也就是“教育”一词在阿德勒心目中的含意。阿德勒毕生致力于研究人格在幼年时期的形成过程,他对于儿童教育的理论是他作为心理学家的研究工作的成果,或者说,副产品。
阿德勒的儿童教育理论围绕着如何帮助儿童形成一个正常、健康的人格这一核心问题。如果我们把对孩子的教育仅仅理解为致力于向孩子灌输空洞的道德说教、枯燥抽象的书本知识,那么,我们就会发现阿德勒在这本书里提出了一种全新的、和上述对教育的见解迥然有别的理论。阿德勒反复强调要用正确的方法帮助培养孩子的独立、自信、勇敢、不畏困难的品质,以及与他人合作的意识和能力,一句话,培养孩子健全的人格——这才是儿童教育的首要目的。其他诸如如何帮助孩子积累书本知识以提高他们的智力一类的问题则是儿童教育的枝节和皮毛。这是因为孩子只有具备了健全的人格和精神心理,才能客观地看到事物的本来面目。而所谓的智力,不也就是客观地理解和处理人和事的能力吗?阿德勒甚至指出:儿童太过沉迷于阅读并不是一件好事情——他应该多在户外活动,和他的伙伴一起玩耍;阿德勒提醒我们注意那些阅读量超乎寻常的孩子:他们有可能利用积累知识来追求优越感,而这种争取优越感的方式其实并不足取,这种方式和一些孩子的搜集物品的倾向及哗众取宠的习惯在本质上是一样的。孩子在成长过程中会出现很多问题,这些问题各种各样,孩子的害羞、孤僻、口吃、尿床,或者无心向学,甚至打架闹事、触犯法律——所有这些问题都在本书得到细致的分析。问题儿童表现出来的“不良”行为,只是表象而已,这些表象的背后就是由于这些孩子在追求完善、追求优越的过程中迷失了正确、有用的方向,他们因而选择了无用的、错误的发展方向。解读孩子出现的问题的含意并矫正孩子心理缺陷的前提,是对人格形成和结构有一个确切的了解。本书正是对儿童人格构成做了全面、透彻的阐述,在这个过程中,作者还讨论了人的天性、遗传的作用等问题。因此,本书内容已经超出儿童教育这一专门领域。它是一本探讨人性、人的心理、人与社会的关系等一系列问题的力作。
作为心理学家的阿德勒对儿童人格形成及其培养的理论,既独到又深刻。虽然这本书发表距今已经数十年,但他的见解在当今中国,对于为人父母者或者教师,或者所有关心或从事儿童教育工作的人们,仍然具有振聋发聩的作用,这是译者的看法,也是译者翻译这本心理学和教育学名著的原因。当然,所有喜欢了解人——了解孩子,了解自己——的人都会通过阅读这本书得到教益。
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Jingdong book