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气味:秘密的诱惑者

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《气味:秘密的诱惑者》是在一种偶然的机会中出现的合作产物,由于三个合作者都对奇异的嗅觉器官有兴趣,所以走到一起来了。皮埃特·福龙是荷兰乌特勒支大学的心理学教授;他最初的心理学的工作是在嗅觉的研究上。安通·万·阿默龙根是生物学家。汉斯·德·弗莱斯是独立自主的心理学家;他的注意力集中在语言和文本的可读性上。
Catalogue

前言
第一章 气味的历史
1.气味的重要性
2.一个简要的文化史述说
3.气味与科学
4.动物界的感觉器官
5.好嗅觉者,次嗅觉者和无嗅觉者
6.嗅觉器官的重要性

第二章 嗅觉器官
1.嗅味和口味
2.鼻腔和嗅觉器官
3.嗅觉细胞元的运作
4.嗅脑
5.三叉神经
6.鼻子犁骨器官

第三章 气味的性质
1.心理物理学
2.气味的分类
3.气味的命名
4.基于化学结构的分类
5.嗅觉官能的测试
6.嗅觉敏感性的差异
7.对气味的适应
8.数量影响质量
9.气味污染和混合物
10.分析和识别混合物
11.半堵的鼻子
12.气味的方向

第四章 嗅觉贯穿我们的一生
1.子宫里的嗅觉
2.儿童的嗅觉
3.成年人的嗅觉
4.老年人的嗅觉
5.吸烟者,环境和工作
6.性别差异
7.气味和文化

第五章 气味和记忆
1.气味和大脑活动
2.气味的神经生理学印记
3.气味的存留
4.作为记忆助手的气味
5.与颜色的联系
6.语言和文学

第六章 在气味作甩下的行为
1.知觉和行动
2.社会因素与福祉
3.月经周期的同步
4.气味和行为
5.气味和人际间的行为
6.气味和性
7.概说外激素
8.在昆虫界的发现
9.哺乳动物和人类的外激素
10.雌性的外激素
11.雄性的外激素
12.外激素对人类的意义

第七章 香料和嗅觉的护照
1.在过去年代里的香料
2.在现代环境中的香味
3.气味与情绪的关系
4.香料的使用及其背景
5.香料贸易
6.嗅觉的护照和动物的功能
7.识别彼此的身体气味
8.双亲与孩子
9.气味和父母亲的照料
10.男人和女人的呼吸气味

第八章 嗅觉的紊乱
1.文化学的进化,生命的预期,偏见
2.嗅觉器官的残废
3.天生的缺陷
4.后天获得性的嗅觉生理紊乱
5.嗅觉机能失常的病因和治疗方法
6.气味和疾病
7.体内荷尔蒙的紊乱
8.痴呆
9.芳香治疗法

第九章 结论
1.嗅觉器官的基本功能
2.一般特征
3.个人差异
4.男人和女人
5.心情和性向
6.身体气味
7.香水或香膏
8.性别
9.嗅觉紊乱和疾病
译者说明
外文参考书目
Book Abstract

4.动物界的感觉器官
信息的有效提供,对于每一种有生命的有机体来说都具有巨大的重要性。在这方面可供实验的范围本质上是有限的:因此,各种不同的动物物种理所当然具有适度可比的感官工具。它们在眼睛、鼻子、味蕾和触觉以及平衡等器官上,都具有很大程度的类似性。尽管如此,一个物种有时还可能具有自己特殊的感官工具。例如,蜜蜂能探测出日光的极性的方向,响尾蛇在它们的眼睛附近有红外线探测器,借此帮助它们能够通过温度的感觉来捕食。
然而,这些感官的敏感度和作用范围,在不同的物种之间却有极其多样的变化。在大白天,鼹鼠的眼睛几乎是瞎的,但是它潜在地具备像鹰那样的眼睛。就此而言,鹰几乎看不见近距离的东西;鸟类本是极端远视的动物。猫在它的视网膜后面有像镜子一样反光的细胞层(tunicaluminosa),其效果是使光线两次通过它的视觉细胞元。因此,猫在微明中有卓越的视力,但是在大白天,它的世界几乎便是无色的。而且,对颜色的知觉可以基于视网膜中的两种色素(二色性目),但是也可以基于三、四甚或五种色素(五色性目,例如鸽子)。五色性目的动物能够区别的颜色种类和颜色形式都达到我们甚至难以想象的地步。
鹌鹑像大部分鱼类一样,完全耳聋,虽然许多的淡水物种能够适度地听到一点声音(味觉和视觉也是如此)。蝙蝠用它们的耳朵来“看”。它们发出高频的声音,再通过回声来查找到前面物体的位置。蝙蝠的这种声纳系统精确到使其不费多大工夫就能够捕捉到像飞蛾那样的小生物。另一方面,许多种类的飞蛾的耳朵也敏感到能够察觉出蝙蝠所发出的频率的程度。这类飞蛾听到那样的声音会立即掉到地上,从而避开了就像是蝙蝠的“雷达”那样的东西。
重力在一种动物的生命中起的作用越重大,这种动物就越有必要保持它的身体的平衡。猫本能地使用它的四脚落地,所以它即使从高处摔下,也就是受点轻微的擦伤,你无须为之揪心,就像你把蜘蛛扔出塔外一样,伤不了它的一根毫毛。平衡性还可以帮助一种动物有效地飞行。普通的苍蝇可以成功地使用自己的“平衡拐棍”,即:两翼之下,分别植入一条粘连着一个小球的线体,要是将那线体去掉,这种动物就会失去它的支柱,于是开始分不清上下左右、漫无目标地乱飞——因为它的平衡机构已被破坏。人类和其他的哺乳动物没有装备“平衡拐棍”,但是有一种很小的耳石置于内耳蜗道的一个节点上j内耳蜗道含有黏性的流体,它在身体移动时会给那些耳石施加一定的压力。就在那个时候,在具有这种敏感的平衡器官的人们那里,耳石会迅速而激烈地回应人们突然的运动(如在晃动的电梯、高低不平的道路、喷气机飞行中碰到的“气阱”或在颠簸的船舶里)。有时这一器官对平衡与否会敏感到连在平地上步行都会感到不舒服的地步。在这种情况下,比较好的选择是骑自行车,因为骑自行车不难实现较少突然变化的匀速运动。
……
Introduction

这本书是在一种偶然的机会中出现的合作产物,由于三个合作者都对奇异的嗅觉器官有兴趣,所以走到一起来了。皮埃特·福龙(Piet Vroon)是荷兰乌特勒支大学的心理学教授;他最初的心理学的工作是在嗅觉的研究上。安通·万·阿默龙根(Anton van Amerongen)是生物学家。汉斯·德·弗莱斯(Hans de Vries)是独立自主的心理学家;他的注意力集中在语言和文本的可读性上。概括来说,全书要处理下列各章的论题:
第一章讨论气味的文化和科学的历史,包括气味在动物界的一些事实。
第二章集中论述嗅觉器官的结构和作用机制以及嗅觉的产生途径。这章的论述包括一些比较技术性的生物学方法,如果对这方面的信息没有兴趣,可以跳过去,或者略看一小部分。然而,读者必须熟悉其中的许多概念,以便充分理解本书的其他章节。
第三章是关于气味的“心理物理学”问题的阐述。它将告诉我们,在刺激物的强度和跟着出现的知觉之间有什么联系?各种气味之间的调节作用是如何产生的?在什么情况之下,各种异味彼此会起到增强或抑制的作用?这方面的信息将告诉我们哪些关于防止气味污染的知识?
第四章讨论在人与人之间以及单个人,在不同的状态下的嗅觉能力的差异和对气味的喜好的不同。嗅觉器官在我们的一生中发生了怎样的变化?对气味的知觉,在多大程度上依赖于性别、年龄、生活方式、职业、文化等?
气味不仅被察觉,而且也被记忆和用言辞加以描写。对此,我们的表达能力可以达到什么程度?盲人对气味的知觉能力是不是要比各种感官都正常的人好一些?香料商在气味测试中的表现是不是优于其他的人?与此类似的一些问题都将在第五章内加以讨论。
气味对于我们的行为举止,甚至对于我们身体的功能都有相当的影响。这方面的例子,可以从个人情绪和一般的活力的变化规律、行事和动机,以及在各种场合下我们彼此了解的方式上找到(见第六章)。
由于某些原因,许多人除了我们每个人赋有的所谓的“嗅味护照”即个人的“身体气味”(这种气味不难被他们的家庭成员和其他人所辨认)之外,还添加了香水、香膏和洗涤液之类的人造气味(见第七章)。
第八章谈及嗅觉功能的紊乱以及气味和疾病之间的联系。
本书结尾的一章收录不少有益的提示和建议。
皮埃特·福龙(P.V.)
安通·万·阿默龙根(A.v.A.)
汉斯·德·弗莱斯(H.d.V.)
1994年秋



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