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Jingdong book

楹联之美:精装

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★我国独有的文学艺术,异彩纷呈的对联之美

★对联之中蕴涵丰富的文化与民众的智慧

★跟随国学名家探究对联的妙处与奥秘

★品鉴历史古今名联,感受国学的魅力与深邃

【五大购买理由】

?跟随名家品鉴古典楹联,领略独特的国学之美。

?作者陈书良教授是国内著名诗词学者,六朝专家,评析独到,品味独具一格。

?作家出版社重点出版,精心编校,值得信赖。

?封面典雅,装帧精美,双封面精装,可读宜藏。

?用纸考究,用墨环保,字号够大,印刷清晰,享受阅读不伤眼。


Content Description

楹联,又称对联、楹帖。楹者,柱也。把一副联语,分别题写在两根相对的柱子上,故名楹联。它是我国独有的一种文学艺术形式,是祖国异彩纷呈的艺术百花园中一株别具风姿的奇葩。千百年来,一直为人民群众所喜闻乐见,是传统韵文样式中至今仍有鲜活之生命力者。本书学者陈书良先生沉浸于楹联之美所著写的楹联美学概念与心得。


Author Description

陈书良,湖南长沙人,出生于1947年2月,湖湘书香世家,原湖南省社会科学院学术委员、文学所所长、研究员,享受国务院特殊津贴专家;现为省文史馆馆员、湖南商学院中文系主任、教授、院学术带头人;醉心六朝文化,独立特行,著作甚丰,人称“六朝人物”。


Comments

★对对子可以测试思想条理。凡上等之对子,必具正反合之三阶段。凡能对上等对子者,其人之思路必贯通而有条理,故可藉以选拔高才之士。

——陈寅恪

名联欣赏

★水天一色;风月无边。

——岳阳楼联

★春风阆苑三千客、明月扬州DI一楼

——扬州迎月楼联

★我辈复登临目极湖山千里而外

★奇文共欣赏人在水天一色之中

——滕王阁联

★画上荷花和尚画

★书临汉帖翰林书

——唐寅、李调元对联

★南通州,北通州,南北通州通南北

★东当铺,西当铺,东西当铺当东西

——乾隆、纪晓岚对联


Catalogue

1壹源流

造化赋形,支体必双

神理为用,事不孤立

23贰平仄

室雅何须大

花香不在多

39叁对仗

苟有恒,何必三更眠五更起

最无益,莫过一日曝十日寒

69肆节奏

冰冷酒,一点、两点、三点

丁香花,千头、百头、万头

91伍胜迹联

小洞穿斜竹

重街夹细莎

121陆春联及岁时联

福庆初新

寿禄延长

155柒挽联

一生树美德

半世传嘉风

187捌寿联

其人如泰山北斗

是日也天朗气清

213玖婚联

鼓琴鼓瑟

宜室宜家

233拾商肆联

石鼎煎香,俗肠尽洗

松涛烹雪,诗梦初醒

285拾壹书写

造化赋形,支体必双

神理为用,事不孤立

295附录


Book Abstract

日人盐谷温在其《中国文学概论讲话》中称“对联是中国文学的特产物”。楹联为什么只有在中国这块文化土地上才能产生呢?《文心雕龙·丽辞》云:“造化赋形,支体必双。神理为用,事不孤立。”应该说,楹联的形成与中华民族特有的思维形式、特有的审美心理、特有的民俗风物是紧密相关的。而作为一种书面语言的艺术形式,它首先是汉语汉字的产物。

汉语的特点之一是音节分明整齐。所谓音节,是听觉上最容易分辨出来的语音单位。汉语形成之初,就是单音节,一个音节大体上就是一个词。如果两个句子中词的数目相同,念起来长短也就相等,书写起来两行的长短也就相等。正因为如此,汉语的句子才很容易造成整齐的对偶句。征诸先秦典籍如:

同声相应,同气相求。(《易·乾文言》)

昔我往矣,杨柳依依;今我来思,雨雪霏霏。(《诗经·小雅·采薇》)

朝饮木兰之坠露兮,夕餐秋菊之落英。(屈原《离骚》)

如果说以上所举还不符合楹联的平仄格式要求,那么下面所引就已经算得上是真正的楹联了:

满招损,谦受益。(《尚书·大禹谟》)

其他国家和民族的语言则与此大异其趣,即算是在还保留了部分汉字的近邻日本、韩国,在那些语言中,音节和词不是一一对应的,一个词可以是一个音节,也可能有两个或更多的音节。两个句子中即使词的数目相等,念出来也是七长八短、参差不齐的,构成整齐的对偶句极为困难。

文字作为记录语言的书写工具,必须与它所记录的语言相适应。每个字总是记录语言里的一个单位,汉字记录的是一个音节。如上所述,在古汉语中一个音节大体上就是一个词,所以一个汉字大体上记录汉语里的一个词。唯其如此,对偶句写下来后字数才会相等,书面形式才会整齐。

与汉语相适应,作为书写符号的汉字,从整体构形到字形结构,从字义到字音,都形成了独具的文化特征,给楹联艺术提供了肥沃的土壤。从这个意义上说,汉字文化孕育了楹联。

如果说汉字作为楹联的记录符号,作为楹联的载体,还只有一般的文字学意义的话,那么汉字本身,它的形、音、义诸方面的特点,为楹联的构思所提供的丰富生动的素材,则是其他任何文字望尘莫及的。这里先说汉字结构的多样性给楹联创作提供的索材。

有人说汉字是拼形文字,这话有一定的道理。汉字的最小构造单位是笔画,按照一般的传统说法,共有六种单一笔画(所谓“永字六法”)和二十四种复合笔画。由笔画的多少和位置变化组成高一级的构字单位——偏旁。两个或两个以上的偏旁构成一个合体字。于是一个字往往可以分解成若干笔画和偏旁。如“谢”字可以分解成“言”“身”“寸”三个偏旁。有的字可以一拆再拆。如“礴”字,第一次可拆出“石”“薄”两个偏旁;第二次把“薄”拆成“艹”(草)、“溥”两个偏旁;第三次把“溥”拆成“氵”(水)、“尃”两个偏旁;第四次把“尃”拆成“甫”“寸”两个偏旁。这就是文字学上所说的多级偏旁。在古代,偏旁一般都能独立成字,都是独体字;发展到现代,一部分偏旁仍然可以独立成字,一部分偏旁已不能独立成字了。

汉字结构的这种特点自古为人们所认识、所运用。自春秋时期开始,有一种“拆字”的占卜之法。术士们叫求占的人任拈一字,加以分合增减,随机附会,解释吉凶。这种占法也称测字、相字、破字,《隋书·经籍志》还载有《破字要诀》一卷。宋元时期盛行一种用拆字法说话表意的文字游戏,叫作“拆白道字”或“拆牌道字”。元曲和明清小说中都有记载。

如《金瓶梅》第四回中,王婆问西门庆:“这雌儿风月如何?”西门庆道:“这色系子女不可言!”

西门庆答话中的“色系子女”就是“绝好”二字拆开的。

在宋代,还有用拆字法写诗填词的。

如刘一止有《山中作拆字语寄江子我郎中》诗:

日月明朝昏,山风岚自起。

石皮破仍坚,古木枯不死。

可人何当来,意若重千里。

永言咏黄鹤,志士心未已。

每句拆一字为二字。

大诗人黄庭坚《两同心》词中有句云:你共人女边著子,争知我门里挑心。即拆“好闷”二字为句。

合体字拆开成偏旁,成字偏旁可以组词成句,这便是拆字的基本原理。明清以来,楹联大发展,联家把这种方法运用到楹联创作中,拆开一二个宇,利用原字和拆开的偏旁组词成句,构成联语,这就是“拆字联”。

张伯驹《素月楼联语》记载了不少这样的“拆字联”,如:

星依日脚生

霰下云头散

家边禾是稼

浦上草为蒲

红荷花,白荷花,何荷花好

紫葚子,青葚子,甚葚子甜

一联之中拆一字比较容易,拆二字、拆三字就要有点学问了。古代文人往往以拆字联相难、以拆字联相戏,在联史上留下了许多佳话典故。

清代贵州诗人周起渭游昆明筇竹寺,寺僧外出,等了好久才归来,他便以联语相难:

竹寺等僧归,双手拜四维罗汉

寺僧答对:

木门闲客至,两山出大小尖峰

出幅合“竹”“寺”为“等”,双“手”为“拜”;“四”“维”为“罗”(繁体作“羅”);对幅如法炮制,合“木”“门”为“闲”,两“山”为“出”“大”“小”为“尖”。这当然颇为勉强,已经近于文字游戏了。

有的拆字联并不拆开某一个字,只是提出一组字偏旁构成上的某些共同点或不同点,有点像字形分析。

张伯驹《素月楼联语》载宣统时,某留日学生得保考为翰林,时称洋翰林。此人文墨不通,一日写信给胡秋辇讨论宪法研究事,竟把“辇”宇误为“辈”字、“究”字误为“宄”字。有人用拆字法写了一副对联嘲讽他:

辇辈同车,夫夫竟作非非想

究宄同穴,九九还将八八除

当时的楹联学家评价这副对联是“神妙欲到,心灵之巧,真不可阶”。

拆字的另一种形式是偏旁置换。把某字中一个偏旁提出,代换另一个字中的偏旁,构成新字,组成联句。

袁世凯复辟时,福州某报刊出一则《讨袁征联》,上联为:

或入园中,揪出老袁还我国

不久,袁临终时,有人以袁世凯自白的口吻对以下联:

余临道上,不堪回首望前途

繁体字“园”中为“袁”“国”中为“或”,二偏旁互换成联,正好嵌袁的姓氏,简直是绝对。对幅拆出“道”中的“首”和“途”中的“余”结成联语,虽然未嵌人物姓氏,但用了袁自己的口吻,仍然属对工整。

拆字联虽属小技,但运用贵在灵活,见出巧思。此道还有暗用法。周斌博士乔迁,笔者撰联相贺云:


Introduction

壹源流

造化赋形,支体必双

神理为用,事不孤立

楹联,又称对联、楹帖。楹者,柱也。把一副联语,分别题写在相对的两根柱子上,故名楹联。它是我国独有的一种文学艺术形式,是祖国异彩纷呈的艺术百花园中一枝别具风姿的奇葩。千百年来,一直为人民群众所喜闻乐见,是传统韵文样式中至今仍有鲜活之生命力者。近年,亦有不少人呼吁为其申报世界非物质文化遗产。

一般认为,楹联是由骈文和律诗派生出来的。其产生已有一千多年历史,它在社会上被广泛应用也有数百年历史,可谓源远流长。而探其渊源,不外汉字的语言特点演进的产物和古时的桃符习俗两途。


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