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Jingdong book

给青年科学家的20封信

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Jingdong book

给青年科学家的20封信

Name: 给青年科学家的20封信
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116052281
Price: 26.90 USD
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本书是世界杰出生物学家、20世纪重要的科学思想家之一爱德华·O·威尔逊对有志于从事科学研究事业的青年学者的教诲。

Content Description

本书是世界杰出生物学家、20世纪重要的科学思想家之一爱德华·O·威尔逊对有志于从事科学研究事业的青年学者的教诲。

威尔逊用一系列信件的形式讲述了他从一个对蚂蚁感兴趣的懵懂少年成长为科学家的传奇故事，并从中总结经验与教训，描绘出科学生涯的各个阶段将会遇到的挑战以及应该采取的应对方法。

本书在如何选择研究领域、寻找导师、寻求突破以及在现实世界中应用科学理论等方面给出了实用的建议。威尔逊认为，科学上的成功并不在于是否拥有很高的智商，也不取决于数学能力，而是取决于发现问题和解决问题的热情。他告诫21世纪的青年学者：要把科学与人文结合起来，只有这样，才能激发自己的热情和与创造力，勇往直前，解决前人留下的问题，甚至发现并解决被前人忽略的问题。

Author Description

爱德华·O·威尔逊（Edward O. Wilson），世界杰出生物学家之一，“社会生物学”奠基人和最早宣传“生物多样性”概念的人之一。他在全世界获得了100多个奖项和荣誉，包括美国国家科学奖章、瑞典皇家科学院颁发的克拉福德奖、日本国际生物学奖，并以著作《论人的本性》（On Human Nature）《蚂蚁》（ The Ants，合著）两次获得普利策非虚构类图书奖。他目前是哈佛大学比较动物学博物馆昆虫馆的名誉馆长兼荣誉研究教授。

Catalogue

前言: 你的选择是正确的 / 1

第一章必经之路

第1封兴趣第一，训练第二 / 3

第2封关于数学 / 9

第3封必经之路 / 25

第二章创造性过程

第4封什么是科学？/ 37

第5封创造性过程 / 51

第6封必需的付出 / 59

第7封最有可能成功的人 / 71

第8封我从未改变 / 77

第9封科学思维的原型 / 83

第10封科学家是宇宙的探险者 / 89

第三章科研生活

第11封导师与科研生涯的开端 / 101

第12封田野生物学的追求目标 / 109

第13封无畏进取 / 125

第14封充分了解你的学科 / 131

Book Abstract

前言：你的选择是正确的

亲爱的朋友：

在给研究科学的学生和青年专家授课的五十年里，我非常荣幸能为许多有天赋和志向的青年提出我的一些忠告。因此，我深深地知道，要想在科学领域有所建树，你到底需要了解哪些东西，这实际上也是一种哲学。我希望你能够从下面一系列信件所讲述的思想和故事中受到一点启发。

首先，我强烈建议你坚定自己所选择的道路，并坚持不懈地走下去，因为，这个世界非常需要你。如今，人类正身处科技时代，毫无退路可走。尽管科学知识的增长速度因不同学科而异，但其数量每15—20年基本都会翻一倍。因此，自17世纪以来，科学知识已经增长到了惊人的程度。如同所有毫无限制的指数增长一样，只要给予足够的时间，以十年为单位来看，它几乎是以垂直的方式在迅速增长。与此同时，高科技也在以相当的速度并肩前行。以紧密的共生形式存在的科学和技术遍及我们生活的每一个角落。它们并不会隐藏什么长久的秘密，在任何地方，对任何人都是完全开放的。互联网以及所有其他形式的数字技术设备给交流赋予了全球性和即时性。只需要敲几下键盘，所有有关自然科学和人文科学的出版物便会立刻呈现在你眼前。

为避免让我的这一判断显得有点狂热（尽管我个人认为并非如此，说真的），我将会给大家举一个重大突破的例子，在其中，我有幸发挥了一些作用。这个重大突破发生在分类学，即生物分类，直到现在依然是一个古老而发展缓慢的学科。1735年，与艾萨克·牛顿一起被世人视为18世纪最著名的科学家之一的瑞典博物学家卡尔·林奈（CarlLinnaeus）发起了一个有史以来最大胆的研究项目。他提议找到地球上的每一种植物和动物，并将它们进行分类。1759年，为提高这一过程的效率，他开始为每一个物种取一个双拉丁字的名字，例如，将家犬取名为Canis familiaris，美国红枫取名为Acer rubrum。

林奈完全想不到这个为自己分配的任务到底有多么巨大，甚至会不到10的n次幂（即无论是10,000、100,000还是1000,000）。他猜想，他所研究的植物种类大概只有10,000种左右。他对热带地区物种的丰富程度毫无所知。如今，已为我们人类所知并经过分类的植物物种大概有310,000种，并且预计会达到350,000种。如果算上动物和菌类，那么目前我们所知的物种总数量将超过190万种，并且最终预计会达到1000万种甚至更多。对于细菌这种种类繁多的“黑暗物质”而言，目前已知的仅有大约10,000种（截止到2013年），但这一数量还在不断上升，很可能会在全世界范围内再增加数百万种。因此，就在250年前的林奈那个时代，地球上的大多数生物还不为人知。

不仅专家对生物多样性缺乏了解，普通人更是如此。如果我们对这颗星球所知如此之少，那么我们将如何能够管理它，让它永续存在呢？

直到最近，我们似乎还没有找到解决办法。孜孜不倦的科学家们每年只能发现大约1,8000个新物种。按照这个速度计算，我们需要两个世纪甚至更长的时间才能搞清楚地球上的所有物种，这相当于从林奈开始这项研究到现在这么久。造成这一瓶颈的原因是什么呢？直到最近，这依然是一个技术问题，似乎完全没有解决的方法。就历史原因而言，数量庞大的参考样本和书籍存放在少数几个博物馆中，而这些博物馆位于西欧和北美的少数几座城市。要对分类学进行基本研究，常常需要长途跋涉前往这些城市。唯一的替代办法就是将这些样本和书籍邮寄过去，然而，这种方式往往非常耗时，并且有一定的风险。

进入21世纪之后，生物学家一直在寻找能够在某种程度上解决这一问题的技术。2003年，我曾提出了一种现在回想起来似乎很明显的解决办法：创建在线生命大百科全书，内容包括参考样本的高分辨率数字照片，附带每一个物种的详细信息，并持续更新。这将会是一个向所有人开放的资源，新增条目会由每个种群的“管理”专家进行分门别类，如唇足类、小蠹类及松柏类。这一项目发起于2005年，同时，伴随着国际海洋生物普查计划的进行，它加速了分类学以及那些依赖于精确分类的生物学分支学科的发展。在我写这本书的时候，地球上已经有超过一半的已知物种被纳入其中。只需要敲击一下键盘进入EOL.com，任何人都可以随时随地免费获取这些知识。

生物多样性研究的进展如此之迅速，每一个学科的曲折变化如此令人惊奇，以至于我们无法提前10年预测任何学科日后的科技革新。当然，终会有一天，新发现和累积知识的指数增长必定会达到峰值，然后趋于稳定。不过，这对你来说并不重要。这种革新至少会在21世纪的大部分时间里持续下去，并在这期间使人类社会发生与今天迥异的变化。传统的研究学科将会演变成以现在的标准几乎无法辨认的形式。在这一过程中，它们将会衍生出新的研究领域——基于科学的技术、基于技术的科学以及基于科学和技术的行业等。最终，所有科学都将融合成一个集描述和解释的连续体，基于这些描述和解释，任何受过教育的人都能在原理和规律的指引下畅行无阻。

这一系列信件中对科学以及科学生涯的介绍并未采用传统的形式和腔调，而是想尽量写得个人化一些，意在通过我在研究和教学方面的经历，为你描述一幅在你的科学生涯中将会遇到的一些挑战和收获的真实图景。

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