神经心理测评（第4版）

中国心理学会推荐使用教材·英文原版影印。
书的类型不同，功能不一。有的书主要是为了帮助人们了解某一学科的内容，此即入门性普及书；有的书是对某一专门课题的深入研究，可谓专业书；有的书提供大量资源，可谓资源书。Lezak的这本书将这三种职能集于一身，即普及又专业，而且可以作为资源来保存，当作工具在工作中随时使用。——尹文刚教授英国伦敦大学（UCL）神经心理学博士中国科学院心理学研究所研究员，博导
这部广受推崇的著作被称为神经心理学领域的“圣经”，内容全面广泛，包括对记忆、语言能力、概念形成、脑损伤、执行功能等多个方面的测验，组织形式条理分明，语言深入浅出，非神经心理学家也完全能够理解和使用。作者提供了各种工具及其在神经心理方面的应用的大量参考资料和当前信息，不仅对神经心理学家和本专业学生而言是实践必不可少之物，也非常有助于临床治疗专家和患者增进对脑功能和行为的了解。本书前8章介绍了患者导向的神经心理测评的原理和实践的知识基础，后12章则对现有的几乎所有测验技术进行了讨论和评价，比上一版增加了7000多条参考信息。

Muriel D.Lexak于1960年在波兰大学获得博士学位，目前是俄勒冈健康科学大学（Oregon Health Sciences University）的神经病学、精神病学和神经外科教授，她的专业兴趣是临床神经心理学和脑损伤，具有临床心理学和临床神经心理学两个领域的从业资格。

Ⅰ 神经心理测评的理论与实践
1. 神经心理测评与实践
2. 基本概念
3. 脑的行为地理学
4. 测量神经功能缺损的基本原理
5. 神经心理检查：程序
6. 神经心理检查：解释
7. 神经心理学家的神经病理学
8. 神经行为学变量和诊断问题
9. 倾向性和注意力
Ⅱ 测验和评价技术概要
10. 知觉
11. 记忆Ⅰ：测验
12. 记忆Ⅱ：成套测验、配对记忆测验和问卷调查
13. 言语表达功能和语言技巧
14. 构造
15. 概念形成和推理
16. 执行功能和运动神经表现
17. 神经心理测评成套测验
18. 观察方法、等级评分表和测量问卷
19. 个人调整和情绪功能测验
20. 反应偏差和不完全努力的测验
附录：测验出版及发行机构
参考文献
测验索引
主题索引

However， laboratory studies of normal subjects and “split brain patients have shown that which hemisphere processes what depends on the relative weighting of many variables （Beaumont， 1997）。 In addition to underlying hemispheric organization， these include the nature of the task （e.g.， modality， speed facto.rs，complexity），the subject’s set of expectancies， prior experiences with the task， previously developed perceptual or response strategies， and inherent subject variables such as sex and handedness （Bouma， 1990；Bryden， 1978； Kuhl， 2000； S。C。 Levine， 1995）。 Thus，in these subjects the degree to which henuspheric specialization occurs at any given time is a relative phenomenon rather than an absolute one （Hellige， 1995；L.C. Robertson，.1995； Sergent， 1991a； E.Zaidel， Clarke， and Suyenobu， 1990）。 Moreover， it is important to recognize that normal behavior is a function of the whole。 brain with important contributions from both hemispheres entering into every activity and emotional state。 Only laboratory studies of intact or split brain subjects or studies of persons，with lateralized brain damage demonstrate the differences m hemisphere function。
The most obvious functional difference between the hemispheres is that the left hemisphere in most people is dominant for speech （i.e.， language functions are primarily mediated in the。left hemisphere） and the right hemisphere predominates in mediating complex， difficult-to-verbalize stimuli。 Absence of words does not make a stimulus “nonverbal。” Pictorial， diagrammatic， or design stimuli-sounds， sensations of touch and taste， etc。-may be more or less susceptible to verbal labeling depending on their meaningfulness， complexity， familiarity， potential for affective arousal， and other characteristics such as patterrung or number。
Thus， when classifying a wordless stimulus as verbal or nonverbal， it is important to take into account how readily it can be verbalized，
For most people the left hemisphere is the primary mediator of verbal functions （Indefrey and Levelt，2000）， including reading and writing， understanding and speaking， verbal ideation， verbal memory， and even comprehension of verbal symbols traced on the skin。
The left hemisphere also mediates the numerical symbol system。 Moreover， left hemisphere lateralization extends to control of posturing and of sequencing hand and arm movements， and of the musculature of speech，although bilateral structures are involved。 Processing the linear and rapidly changing acoustic information needed for speech comprehension is better with the left than the right hemisphere （Beeman and Chiarello，1998； Howard， 1997； J. Schwartz and Tallal， 1980）。
Males show a stronger left hemisphere lateralization for phonological processing than females（Shaywitz et al.， 1995； E. Zaidel， Aboitiz， et al.， 1995）。
Right hemisphere language capacities have been demonstrated for comprehension of speech and written material， One significant contribution is the appreciation and integration of relationships in verbal discourse and narrative materials （Beeman and Chiarello，1998， passim； Delis， Wapner， et al.， 1983； Kiehl et al.，
1999）， which is a capaaty necessary for enjoying a good joke （Beeman， 1998； H. Gardner， 1994）。 The right hemisphere also ap。pears to provide the possibility of alternative meanings， getting away from purely literal“interpretations of verbal material （Bottini et al.， 1994； Brownell and Martino， 1998； Fiore and Schooler，1998）。 Following commissurotomy， when speech is directed to the right hemisphere， much of what is heard is comprehended so long as it remains simple （Baynes and Eliassen， 1998； Searleman， 1977）。 Although functional imaging studies show a preponderance of left cerebral activity in reading （C.J. Price， 1997）， not surprisingly， given its visuospatial components， reading also engages the right hemisphere， activating specific areas （Baruch and Nicholas， 1998； Gaillard and Converso， 1988； Huettner et al.， 1989； Indefrey and Levelt， 2000； Ornstein et al.， 1979）。 In contrast to the ability for rapid， automatic processing of printed words by the intact left hemisphere， the healthy right hemisphere takes a slower and generally inefficient letter by letter approach （C. Burgess and Lund， 1998； Chiarello，1988）， which may be useful when word shapes have unfamiliar forms （Banich and Nicholas， 1998）。 The right hemisphere appears to have a reading lexicon （Bogen， 1997； Coslett and Saffran， 1998）， but the more verbally adept left hemisphere normally blocks access to it so that the right hemisphere’s knowledge of words becomes evident only through labora）tory marupulations or with left hemisphere damage （Landis and Regard， 1988； Landis， Regard， et al.， 1983）。 The right hemisphere seems to be sensitive to speech intonations（Borod， Bloom， and Santschi-Haywood， 1998； Ivry and Lebby， 1998）， and is necessary for voice recognition （Van Lancker， Kreiman， and Cummings， 1989）。
Less can be said for the verbal expressive capacities of the right hemisphere since they are quite limited， as displayed-or rather， not displayed-by split brain patients who make few utterances in response to right bram stimulation （Baynes and Gazzaniga， 2000； E.
Zaidel， 1978）。 The right hemisphere appears to play a role in organizing verbal production conceptually （Brownell and Martino， 1998； Joanette et al.， 1990）， with specific temporal and prefrontal involvement in comprehending story meanings （Nichelli， Grafman， et a1.，.1995）。 It may be necessary for meaningfully expressive speech intonation （prosody） （Borod， Bloom， and Santsclu-Haywood， 1998； Filley， 1995； E.D. Ross，2000）。 The right hemisphere contributes to the maintenance of context-appropriate and emotionally appropriate verbal behavior （Brownell and Martino，1998； Joanette et al.， 1990）， although this contribution is not linuted to communications but extends to all behavior domains （Lezak， 1994）。 That the right hemisphere has a language capacity can also be inferred in aphasic patients with left-sided lesions who showed im provement from their immediate post-stroke deficits accompanied by measurably heightened right hemisphere activity （Frackowiak， 1997； B.T. Gold and Kertesz，2000； Heiss et al.， 1999； Murdoch， 1990； Papanicolaou et al.， 1988）。
The right hemisphere has also been erroneously called the “minor” or “nondominant” hemisphere because the often subtle character of right hemisphere disorders led early observers to believe that it played no specialized role in behavior。However， although limited linguistically， the right hemisphere is “fully human with respect to its cognitive depth and complexity （J. Levy， 1983）。
The right hemisphere dominates the processing of information that does not readily lend itself to verbalization。 This includes the reception and storage of visual data， tactile and visual recognition of shapes and forms， perception of spatial orientation and perspective， and copying and drawing geometric and representational designs and pictures。 The left hemisphere seems to predominate in metric distance judgments （Hellige， 1988； McCarthy and Warrington， 1990），while the right hemisphere has superiority in metric angle judgments （Benton， Sivan， et al.， 1994； Mehta and Newcombe， 1996）。 Thus both hemispheres contribute to processing spatialinformation， with some differences in what they process most effiaently （Banich， 1995；Sergent， 1991b）。 Arithmetic calculations （involving spatial organization of the problem elements as distinct from left hemisphere-mediated linear arithmetic 。problems involving， for instance， stories or equations with an a + b = c form （Dehaene， 2000） have a sigruficant right hemisphere component （Grafman and Rickard，1997； H.S. Levin， Goldstein， and Spiers， 1993）。 Some aspects of musical ability are also localized on the right，as are abilities to recognize and discriminate nonverbal sounds （Bauer， 1993；Bauer and McDonald， 2003）。
The right hemisphere has bilateral involvement in so matosensory sensitivity and discrinunation。 It may be superior in distinguishing odors （Zatorre and Jones：Gotman， 1990）。
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