READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Blue-Footed Boobies
A Boobies are a small group of seabirds native to tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their diet consists mainly of fish, due to the fact that they live along the ocean coast. They are specialised fish eaters feeding on small school fish like sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and flying fish. When their prey is in sight, they fold their long wings back around their streamlined bodies and plunge into the water from as high as 80 feet, so streamlined they barely make a splash. Certain type of boobies can even dive from a sitting position on the water’s surface. They travel in group of about 12 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal the rest of the group and they will all dive together. Surprisingly, individuals do not eat with the hunting group, preferring to eat on their own, usually in the early morning or late afternoon.
B Boobies are goose-sized birds, heavily built with thick necks and large heads, a wedge-shaped tail, and short legs with webbed feet. The bill is stout, broad at the base and tapering to a point. The wings are long and pointed and boobies are powerful and agile fliers, their flight contrasting with their clumsiness on land in the same way as the albatross.
C There are three varieties on the Galapagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas: the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore, while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore.
D Although it is unknown where the name “Booby” emanates from, some conjecture it may come from the Spanish word for clown, “bobo”, meaning “stupid”. Its name was probably inspired by the bird’s clumsiness on land and apparently unwarranted bravery. The blue footed booby is extremely vulnerable to human visitors because it does not appear to fear them. Therefore these birds received such name for their clumsiness on land in which they were easily captured, killed, and eaten by humans.
E The blue-footed booby’s characteristic feet play a significant part in their famous courtship ceremony, the “booby dance”. During mating rituals, male birds show off their feet to prospective mates with a high-stepping strut. The bluer the feet, the more attractive the mate. The male walks around the female, raising his bright blue feet straight up in the air, while bringing his “shoulders” towards the ground and crossing the bottom tips of his wings high above the ground. Plus he’ll raise his bill up towards the sky (“skypointing”) to try to win his mate over. The female may also partake in these activities — lifting her feet, skypointing, and of course squawking at her mate. After mating, another ritual occurs — the nest-building which ironically is never used because they nest on the bare ground. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, they scrape the existing nest away so she can nest on exposed ground. Sun-baked islands form the booby’s breeding grounds. When ready the female Blue Footed Booby lays one to three eggs.
F After mating, two or three eggs are laid in a shallow depression on flat or gently sloping ground. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs. Unlike most birds, booby doesn’t develop brood patches (areas of bare skin on the breast) to warm the eggs during incubation. Instead, it uses its broad webbed feet, which have large numbers of prominent blood vessels, to transmit heat essential for incubation. The eggs are thick-shelled so they can withstand the full weight of an incubating bird. The incubation period is 41–45 days. Usually, one to two chicks are hatched from the two to three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental responsibilities.
G After hatching, the male plays a major role in bringing fish home. He can bring back a constant supply of small fish for the chicks, which must be fed continuously. The reason is that the male has a longer tail than the female in relation to his body size, which makes him able to execute shallower dives and to feed closer to shore. Then the female takes a greater part as time proceeds. Sooner or later, the need to feed the young becomes greater than the need to protect them and both adults must fish to provide enough.
H When times are good, the parents may successfully fledge all three chicks, but in harder times, they may still lay as many eggs yet only obtain enough food to raise one. The problem is usually solved by the somewhat callous-sounding system of “opportunistic sibling murder”. The first-born chick is larger and stronger than its nest mate(s) as a result of being hatched a few days earlier and also because the parents feed the larger chick first. If food is scarce, the first born will get more food than its nest mate(s) and will outcompete them, causing them to starve. The above system optimizes the reproductive capacity of the blue-footed in an unpredictable environment. The system ensures that, if possible, at least one chick will survive a period of shortage rather than all three die of starvation under a more “humane” system.
Questions 1–6
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A–H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A, C and E–H from the list below.
Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Distinctive method of hatching the next generation
ii The differences between the blue-footed and red-footed boobies
iii The useless nest-building
iv Rearing the young
v Species of boobies
vi Seeking for delicacy
vii How to survive with finite food resources
viii Mating and breeding
ix Naming of the booby
x Physical characteristics of the booby
1 Paragraph A
ExampleAnswer
Paragraph B x
2 Paragraph C
ExampleAnswer
Paragraph D ix
3 Paragraph E
4 Paragraph F
5 Paragraph G
6 Paragraph H
Questions 7–9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7–9 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7 This clumsy bird is occasionally scared by human activities.
8 Male boobies tend to take in more fish than the female ones.
9 During the food shortage period, parents would choose to feed the first-born kid while giving up the rest.
Questions 10–13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10–13 on your answer sheet.
The blue-footed booby’s mating ceremony, the “booby dance”, requires the male positions his feet and wings as a settled posture with his bills 10 . If the female accepts the courtship, she would also perf
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